The Controversial Technique Of Hydraulic Fracturing

Texas was primarily an agricultural state until the discovery of the first commercially viable oil well in 1894. Since then, Texas has seen a massive boom in oil production and a sudden shift from an agricultural economy to one more dependent on oil. However, the insatiable hunger of oil eventually consumed most available shallow sources of oil. Only then did natural gas and its variants become a viable option, and with it the controversial technique of Hydraulic Fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing, or Fracking, as it is commonly known, is a process that requires three main components: a natural gas deposit, drilling and fracking fluid. The operation begins with companies surveying lands to discover an untapped source. Once one is found,†¦show more content†¦Moreover, certain financial and regulatory guidelines must be followed in order to comply with the acts policies (Gallegos, 2015). Per the act, fracking fluids fall well into the category of the act as fracking fluids contain trace, albeit, plentiful amounts of toxic chemicals that are deemed hazardous. Despite this classification, fracking fluid continues to be exempt from the act. The second policy is the Safe Drinking Water Act which details how underground aquifers are to be protected from contamination associated with the injection of liquid wastes into underground wells (Gallegos, 2015). The injection of fracking fluid into shale deposits should undoubtedly fall within the definition of an underground injection well; nevertheless, the 2005 Energy Policy Act specifically exempts hydraulic fracturing activities. Finally, fracking is exempt from certain provisions in the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act. The act requires that heavy industries submit an annual report detailing their use of toxic chemicals to the EPA (Gallegos, 2015). Fracking is exempted from this act as operations would be required to account for their toxic chemical use from purchase to disposal. In the face of growing concerns, the government did attempt to address citizens’ concerns by proposing the Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act which would repeal the Safe Drinking Water Act and require that all chemical constituents of fracking fluidsShow MoreRelatedFracking and the Halliburton Act Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing involves the use of water pressure to create fractures in rock that allow the oil and natural gas it contains to escape and flow out of a well (Energy From Shale).† Fracking has served to extract natural gas and oil where other methods would not be as successful but many environmentalists argue that fracking is affecting the environment and our drinking supply of water. Although fracking is still a controversial topic, it provides Americans jobs, increases theRead MoreFracking : The Gas Boom1352 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic fracturing, which is more commonly known as â€Å"fracking†, is a term that many people may have heard about, but actually have very little knowledge on. Fracking is a topic that is highly controversial between people who work in the industry, scientists, and environmental professionals. Fracking has been around for a long time, but it’s only been in the past thirty years that it’s really taken off in wh at is known as the shale gas boom. As our sources of energy dwindle down it becomes importantRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Industry1293 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance. These advancements do not seem to be slowing down. The energy industry has seen innovation in the form of hydraulic fracturing, advanced drilling methods, and the harnessing of natural gas. 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Combined with another technique known as horizontal drilling, which is exactly whatRead MoreFracking : Hydraulic Fracturing ( Fracking ) Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesNour Alqatami Hydraulic Fracturing Fracking process is a type of drilling water beneath the earth surface in order to access to natural gas and oil. A huge drill is used to pass through many layers of earth and rock that lie between us as the natural gas. The mixture is water, sand and certain chemicals forced into the rock at high pressure in order to force the gas out to where they can collect it. The drill can be driven into the earth either vertically or horizontally. Fracking began as an experimentRead MoreBenefits Of Hydraulic Fracturing Outweigh Risks2041 Words   |  9 PagesBenefits of Hydraulic Fracturing Outweigh Risks Hydraulic fracturing, or more commonly known as ‘fracking’ is a technique designed by engineers to open fissures deep within shale to extract oil and natural gas. 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Analyzing the economic and environmentalRead MoreEssay Hydraulic Fracturing Must be Reformed1457 Words   |  6 PagesShale region of the United States, stretching from West Virginia to New York, are being unearthed by a controversial method of extracting natural gas, called hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. A Healthy alternative to the fossil fuels we so frivolously use is now more critical than ever. With an overwhelming amount of negative effects on the population and the environment, hydraulic-fracturing releases dangerous ch emicals into unwanted areas, endangering many ecosystems, and harming many social institutionsRead MoreHydraulic Fracking : The Oil Industry2025 Words   |  9 PagesHydraulic Fracturing The oil industry in the United States is booming. However, not all oil or natural gasses are available by drilling. There are some oils and gasses trapped inside shale rock. To access these gases, a process called Hydraulic Fracturing, informally known as fracking, was invented. Hydraulic Fracking â€Å"is a controversial oil and gas extraction technique developed in the late 1940s to gain access to fossil energy deposits previously inaccessible to drilling operations. The process†¦literallyRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing2275 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Hydraulic Fracturing: An Inconvenient Truth Carolyn Yanoti and Florian Muller I6068325, I6078618 December 5, 2013 Workshop Paper Assignment Final Version Professor Julia Quartz As America looks to find the best source of energy at hand domestically, the use of hydraulic fracturing proves to be the best response. Hydraulic fracturing is more commonly known as fracking, is the process where natural gas is extracted from shale rock areas deep within the earth. In

Essay about Prohibition vs War on Drugs - 2770 Words

The United States of America ©Ã‚ˆs war on drugs today is very similar to America ©Ã‚ˆs Prohibition of Alcohol in the 1920 ©Ã‚ˆs. These two major issues of their time may not seem like they can be logically compared, but statistics for usage and a correlating rise in crime for both eras show a strong relationship. There is also a tendency for an outright defiance of the laws and law makers of the United States government in both cases. Most people today think that the prohibition of the 1920 ©Ã‚ˆs and the current war on drugs have many contrasting points. The opposite is true. However, the points that do contrast are more opinion-based than fact oriented. The following paragraphs will attempt to clearly and effectively show a comparison and†¦show more content†¦A change was clearly needed and the government responded by redefining the Volstead Act. The redefinition made any drink containing more than 3.2% alcohol illegal. Wine, because of its lower alcohol content, became very popular and sales soared. Then on December 5th, 1933, thirty three states ratified the 21st Amendment to the Constitution which repealed the 18th Amendment. Drinking, and the sale of alcohol were once again legal in the United States. A summary of the war the United States is waging on drugs is necessary before any comparison and contrast position can be made with the Prohibition Era. In the past several decades, millions of people in America have become involved in illegal drugs, either through usage or through the importation, manufacture, sale and distribution of these illegal substances. According to United States Justice Department statistics, of the millions of Americans who use illegal drugs today, 2.7 million of these people are hard-core drug abusers. The hard-core drugs that enjoy the most popularity are crack, cocaine and heroin -- all of which are highly addictive. Addiction increases consumption and consumption increases the necessity to provide the drugs. It is an illegal example of a supply and demand scenario. While drugs attract users in all economic levels, it appears to be especially prevalent among those living in poverty. One possible explanation is that at the poverty level there is littleShow MoreRelated Prohibition Vs War on drugs Essay2724 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica ©Ã‹â€ s war on drugs today is very similar to America ©Ã‹â€ s Prohibition of Alcohol in the 1920 ©Ã‹â€ s. These two major issues of their time may not seem like they can be logically compared, but statistics for usage and a correlating rise in crime for both eras show a strong relationship. There is also a tendency for an outright defiance of the laws and law makers of the United States government in both cases. Most people today think that the prohibition of the 1920 ©Ã‹â€ s and the current war on drugs haveRead MoreSubstance Abuse and Addiciton: A Very Brief History Essay example1651 Words   |  7 Pagesalcohol, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, over the counter drugs, cigarettes etc. Any and all of these can become addictive to people very quickly. For years, people believed that addiction was a willful vice that they do to themselves. For years is has been viewed as an individual problem instead of a social problem. Americans today have many different views than 100 years ago about addiction, alcohol and drugs. In the early days of the 19th century, it was only a dream that a drug could save aRead MoreMarijuana Has Always Been A Concern In How It Should Be1625 Words   |  7 Pagesrates when taking into account marijuana usage? Looking at the prohibition of marijuana, how some states have legalized it and others still have it as an illicit drug and how ethnicity plays a role. 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International Social Innovation Research

Question: Discuss about the International Social Innovation Research. Answer: Introduction: Australia, like every nation, faces problems like pollution, poverty and lack of access to interior areas resulting in unhealthy conditions, malnutrition and diseases among the lower class which even lead to death. Social organizations reach out to these people and provide them with medical aid and health education. Australian Health Project is one such organization operating on a business model (Ridley and Bull 2015). I learnt that Australian Health Project is an organization envisioned to supply the under privileged people with health facilities and education. I also learnt that the project is about a regular medical centre run by experienced doctors which strives to improve the lives of the people and is approved by Australian Medical Association (Australian Medical Association 2017). It would initially begin its journey in Australia and then reach out to people in Cambodia, Kenya and Cambodia. It will be financed, marketed and operated following a business model by the same name. A social enterprise has a great positive impact on the people, especially who cannot accede to health facilities either due of financial reasons or due to remoteness of their locations. The people in need will be able to get crucial medical aid and save their lives. It will also create employment opportunities and value. However, I can also opine that such a nonprofit organization encounters the three challenges of financing, attracting the personnel who are the driving strength for it and a marketing strategy while providing health care services in its infancy. Australian Health Project will require steady flow of funds to operate which is a challenge for an entrepreneurial venture striving to help the poor. It can be opined that the Australian Health Project can approach Social Enterprise Development and Investment Funds (SEDIF) set up by the Australian Government to help the social enterprises financially to expand their business (enquiries 2017). Another organization it can approach is the Obamas Affordable Care Act (Blumenthal Abrams and Nuzum 2015). It will segment based on financial capability and location. It can charge the financially rich people for its services and use the revenue to serve the poor at a nominal price. The people living in the interior areas will have to pay more than the people living in cities. The organization will also accept donations and hold fund raising campaigns to thrive. An organization stands tall on the skills and endeavor of its employees. A new organization finds it difficult to get experienced personnel due to its limited financial resources. Australian Health Project, according to me should ask for voluntary services of the doctors during its initial days and then go on to maintain its own team of doctors as it grows bigger. Promotion plays a key role in the growth and sustenance of an organization like Australian Health Project. It will not only be aimed at attracting customers but also to create an effective supply chain to obtain medicines, oxygen and transportation services. A combination of digital, audio visual and print advertisement initially on local level will enable the organization to penetrate even remote areas (Arvidson and Lyon 2014). Its helpline can also be customized to promote its services along with an option to donate voluntarily. After achieving steady growth, the organization can opt for more expensive and extensive promotion strategies like celebrity endorsements. There are various types of social enterprises that run on different models and strategies. One such model is the Low Income Client model covering manufacturing, sales and distribution, financial strategy and viability, social impact and market development and exit strategy. A second type of social enterprise is Non Profit with related business model which accepts grants and donation to manufacture goods which it sells to earn revenue. The Social Purpose Business model seeks to achieve social and environmental betterment. Profit, though secondary is required to achieve its primary service goals (Defourny and Nyssens 2015). The future of Australian Health Project is bright though it has to face initial challenges. Such an organization strives to grow to make changes to the lives of the underprivileged. It can also spread to other countries in the future to reach to the poor and sick living across the borders. It can be concluded that social organizations play a very important role in the society by helping the people. They provide aid and education to the people to prevent fatalities, thus saving lives. Business models have been developed which can be adopted by these organization to ensure sustenance and growth. References: Arvidson, M. and Lyon, F., 2014. Social impact measurement and non-profit organisations: Compliance, resistance, and promotion.VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,25(4), pp.869-886. Australian Medical Association. (2017). Australian Medical Association. [online] Available at: https://ama.com.au/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017]. Blumenthal, D., Abrams, M. and Nuzum, R., 2015. The affordable care act at 5 years. Defourny, J. and Nyssens, M., 2015, September. Social enterprise models in a worldwide comparative perspective. InKeynote to 7th International Social Innovation Research Conference, York University, 8th Sept, ISIRC. enquiries, G. (2017). Social Enterprise Development and Investment Funds. [online] Department of Employment. Available at: https://www.employment.gov.au/social-enterprise-development-and-investment-funds [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017]. Ridley-Duff, R. and Bull, M., 2015.Understanding social enterprise: Theory and practice. Sag

Symbolism Affect Your Interpretation of the Novel free essay sample

Alice Walker uses symbolism, and imagery to affect the reader’s interpretation of the novel through very complex themes of religious influence, oppression and emotion developed from these literary devices. This has a profound influence on the reader’s interpretation of the novel as it suggests certain opinions and points of view to them as well as giving them deeper insight to the emotions of the protagonist In â€Å"The Colour Purple† a strong theme of religious influence and interpretation is developed through use of symbolism and imagery. The fact that the letters are initially addressed to God, an entity in whom the protagonist strongly believes, has a significant symbolic impact on the novel. When Celie’s mother asks where her child came from she says â€Å"Its God’s† when clearly, it is her father’s child. The elliptical choice of â€Å"God† as the father of the baby is symbolic, and shows that the power her Pa wields over her makes him a God-like figure to her. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism Affect Your Interpretation of the Novel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is ironic the semantic field of the word â€Å"God† holds connotations of an all-powerful and infinitely benevolent entity. The irony of this is that whilst the true father of the baby, her â€Å"Pa†, holds a great deal of power over her, he is portrayed as anything but benevolent. If anything, he is more like Satan as he is seemingly the source of all the deplorable aspects of her life. This evokes a great deal of pathos from the reader and also antipathy towards her father. This clearly Illustrates for the reader who the protagonist and antagonists of the novel are Later in the novel, this symbolism is continued as the protagonist’s perception of God is explored through her dialogue with Shug Avery. Soon after discovering that her sister is still alive, she becomes frustrated and against the idea of praising God, exclaiming â€Å"What God do for me? † This is a typical reaction of people who have suffered in life to the concept of God. This anger she feels towards God for letting her suffer so much is a manifestation of all the anger she feels towards all the people who have wronged her in life. This further manifests itself when she decides, â€Å"She don’t write God no more† as she blames him for giving her a hard life. She also decides that God is a man, something that is of extreme significance as Celie attributes all of her life’s troubles and problems to men, and their mistreatment of her. She confesses to Shug Avery that she sees God as â€Å"Big and old and tall and greybearded and white† This perception of God is a fairly common one, along with the â€Å"white robed† and â€Å"barefooted† idea. Then Shug outlines her perceptions of God, and church, ideas that are not so common. Her ideas are extremely interesting; she says she never found God in church, and any God she found she â€Å"brought in† with her. The effect this has on the reader forms very strong empathy with the protagonist, as the thoughts she is having are very relatable. It also makes the reader question their own perceptions of God, thus making this novel seem to be a very philosophical one. With Shug’s help, Celie comes to see that God isn’t a bearded white man, he is â€Å"Everything†, he is in nature, people, the sky and all that is good. This is most strongly illustrated in the final letter of the book which she addresses â€Å"Dear God. Dear stars, dear trees, dear sky, sear peoples. Dear everything. † The syntax of those sentences as a list illustrates further that she sees God in everything that is good and beautiful. This shows that she has come back to God and her perceptions have changed dramatically. This symbolises the end of a journey as Celie comes to accept God once more and it also symbolises that fact that she has moved on with her life and is finally happy. She’s also This creates more empathy from the reader who feels joy for the protagonist as well as showing that she has overcome her hardships. Overall this idea of a journey creates a sense of this being a very biographical novel. The fact that it is in epistolary form makes the novel much more personal and relatable for the reader. When Celie leaves Mr. __ she finds her inner self and gains a lot more personality. At the beginning of the novel, she never mentions her emotions, just physical feelings. This is symbolic of the fact that in her oppression, she was just surviving rather than living. She was very much a shell, her body existed but her inner spirit was suppressed greatly. The first time emotions are brought in are when Celie discovers that her sister is still alive. Her break from oppression to become her own person is symbolised by the pants. The making of pants is theraputic for her, she claims she â€Å"aint been able to stop† after she started. This is the first thing shes ever chosen to do herself so they are symbolic of her newfound independence. Also in that society, pants were considered to be a men’s item of clothing, so the wearing of pants by Celie and Shug is symbolic of their fight against sexism and the patriarchal society. The fact that she starts to make money from the pants furthers the idea of independence. The effect on the reader of this is it gives an idea of this being a very political novel and being about a struggle for freedom. The colour purple is a regal colour representative of affluence and the good things in life created by God for the people to enjoy. At the beginning of the beginning of the book, Celie has no sense of the colour purple, she has a terrible life in which she is just surviving rather than really living. The lack of emotion at the beginning clearly shows this. As a result, she doesn’t have the capacity to sense the colour purple, she cant appreciate the simple beauty of life and nature as her conditions are so oppressive that she cant see any good. Shug helps her to see the good in life when she shows Celie that God is in everything and telling her to â€Å"relax, go with everything that’s going and praise God by liking what you like. † This overall analysis of God and the form In which he exists prompts the reader to question their own view on God, especially the way in which society depicts him and his laws.